A Review–Unguided Optical Communications: Developments, Technology Evolution, and Challenges
نویسندگان
چکیده
This review paper discusses the complete evolution of free-space optical (FSO) communication, also known as unguided communication (UOC) technologies, all way back to ancient man’s fire today’s machine-learning-supported UOC systems. The principles, significance, and developments that have happened over past several decades, well installation methodologies, technological limitations, challenges UOCs are presented. All subsets UOC: FSO underwater wireless (UOWC), visible light (VLC), with their technology/system developments, potential applications, limitations reviewed. state-of-the-art developments/achievements in (i) channel effects mitigation techniques; (ii) radio-over-FSO (iii) wavelength division multiplexing sub-carrier (iv) for worldwide interoperability microwave access applications; (v) space satellite (SOSC); (vi) UWOC; (vii) photoacoustic (PAC); (viii) light-fidelity; (ix) VLC; (x) vehicular VLC (V2LC); (xi) camera In addition, current on emerging technologies such artificial intelligence (to improve performance systems), energy harvesting (for effective utilization channels), near-future network scenarios (mandatory secured broadband digital links) covered. Finally, brief, achieve full systems, require immediate research attention summarized.
منابع مشابه
DWDM Technology for High Speed Optical Communications
The ever-increasing demand for applications in internet, digital cable TV, e-mail, data transmission etc. has forced the utilization of the available more than two THz transmission bandwidth of single-mode optical fiber at low loss and low dispersion window of 1550 nm. Most of the optical communication systems in use today range from 2.5 Gbit/s, 10 Gbit/s and 40 Gbit/s while 160 Gbit/s and 480 ...
متن کاملOptical Wavefront Interferometry – evolution, challenges and opportunities
Optical wavefront interferometry has evolved into increasingly compact and portable forms with optimizations and novel developments from multi-component, bulk-optic configurations to miniaturized multi-core fiber forms; each presents its own advantages, challenges and opportunities. OCIS codes: 030.0030 Coherence; 070.0070 Fourier optics and signal processing; 120.0120 Instrumentation, measurem...
متن کاملChallenges In Outdoor and Indoor Optical Wireless Communications
Optical wireless communications in the outdoor is capable of providing a broadband last mile access, and in the indoor environment it can be used to provide flexible interconnection through wireless distributed data communication systems to connect PCs, digital assistants, laptops, printers, digital cameras in offices, shopping areas, warehouses and manufacturing floors. Optical wireless commun...
متن کاملReverse Engineering of Communications Networks: Evolution and Challenges
—Reverse engineering of a communications network is the process of identifying the communications protocol used in the network. This problem arises in various situations such as eavesdropping, intelligent jamming, cognitive radio, and adaptive coding and modulation (ACM). According to the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model, the first step in reverse engineering of communications...
متن کاملذخیره در منابع من
با ذخیره ی این منبع در منابع من، دسترسی به آن را برای استفاده های بعدی آسان تر کنید
ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Electronics
سال: 2023
ISSN: ['2079-9292']
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12081922